@EA_Barry,
Unfortunately the problem reappeared after installing the most recent Battlefield 1 update.
The symptoms are still the same: I start Battlefield but the program (bf1.exe) simply exits after a few seconds.
I used Process Monitor (https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896645.aspx) to get some info where I indeed see the exit:
Exit Status: -5, User Time: 1.6562500 seconds, Kernel Time: 0.2656250 seconds, Private Bytes: 223,563,776, Peak Private Bytes: 227,479,552, Working Set: 155,791,360, Peak Working Set: 158,425,088
However, there's little other tracing data about why it decides to exit.
I also tried uninstalling BF1 and redownloading/reinstalling it but this unfortunately did not help.