To get to minimap settings, go to options, select Gameplay tab, click on "Advanced Options" at the bottom and scroll down a bit - that's where minimap-related settings are. Make sure that "Map visibility" and "Icon visibility" settings are not set to 0% or something similar (as 0% makes them invisible).
Also, a bit above the minimap settings in Advanced Options in Gameplay tab, there is an "Overall HUD visibility" option - make sure it isn't at 0% either.
I would've posted screenshots, but I have a Polish version of BF4... option names might slightly differ too, as I translated them from Polish, but they should be close enough to make sense.
