Unable to download patch to fix the game

First try to hard reset your XB1 if it doesn't work it seriously sounds like its your XB1 . I had this same issue a few weeks ago with just one game then 2 then 3 and so on. Then almost no game would launch and just crash to the dash. Turned out it was my XB1 so I got my replacement and its been fine since. Call xbox support and start the process. It was actually quite painless on my end.

Try old faithful, the power cycle:

Power cycle your console. Here’s how:
On the console, press and hold the Xbox button until the light behind it turns off (about 5 seconds), which means the console is off.
After the console has shut down, unplug the power cord and wait 30 seconds.
Plug the console back in and turn it on using the Xbox button. Power cycling will reset the network card and clear the cache.

Yeah as suggested you may want to do a power cylce/refresh of the console, ie. clearing the cache 

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This operation has solved a problem where, when starting a game on the Xbox One, the system would show just the initial picture page of the game, and then return to the Home screen without starting the game.  This particular problem did not affect Apps on the Xbox One, but only games (downloaded or disc-based).  Once this operation was performed, the Xbox One was restored to full functionality.

 

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Also bare in mind that the servers are having some issues right now which can be seen here