Thank you for your response @Rokebo73!
I've run the sfc and dism commands. On the first run, sfc found some problems. As far as I can tell by glancing through the cbs log, they were only some double permission issues, nothing serious. No error was reported after that, not even at the second sfc run. After the reboot, the game still didn't launch.
I wanted to avoid redownloading the whole game, but I bit the bullet (our internet isn't the fastest). Even after the full redownload the game wouldn't start.
I did the Windows Repair Install, the issue still persist sadly.
I've checked just to make sure, and the game still starts on the other windows profile.
I'm going to start digging through ProcMon now...
Update: Tried creating a third, new windows user, issue still persist.
Tried disabling everything in windows security, no change.
Through procmon I found some easy anticheat log files (AppData\Roaming\EasyAntiCheat\gamelauncher.log). I've compared the 2 logs (the one where the game starts and where it doesn't) and it seems that on my account EAC progress jumps from 0% to 100% between 2 log lines, while on the other account it's more gradual. I've opened a ticket on their site as well.
Update 2: Noticed my bios was out of date, but even after flashing the newest one bf won't launch. The other chipsets/drivers are up to date.