DivinylsFan Are you specifically asking about actions that increase the chance of multiple births, or anything that changes the outcome?
For gender, an apple offsets the gender chance by -0.1 and a watermelon offsets the chance by +0.1. A total value of -0.5 guarantees a boy; +0.5 guarantees a girl. Cooked foods don't affect gender unless you have a mod that adds that feature back.
For multiples, the base chance of having twins is 2.5% and triplets 0.1%. (Quadruplets are impossible without help from a mod.) Having the pregnant sim listen to kids' music or watch the kids' TV channel increases the odds, with a maximum multiplier of 30, increasing at a rate of 2 per hour. So that's a maximum chance of 75% for twins and 3% for triplets. The Fertility lifetime reward offers a flat permanent bonus, in addition to increasing the overall odds of conception (75% by default); the massage table from the Store offers a bonus for the duration of the fertility moodlet it grants.
Having the baby at the hospital gives a +20 bonus to the outcome of the pregnancy, as in, whether it goes well enough for the player to be able to choose traits, or barring that, whether the game-chosen traits are positive. I'm not sure about the total positive points (including what the sim gets from having a high mood) required to get the best outcome. Getting medical advice at the hospital is supposed to help too, but I don't see an associated value in the XML file.
The master tuning file lists a +15 bonus from the pregnant sim reading a pregnancy book, and the same for the father/other parent. But it's not clear whether this applies to the chance of twins or the outcome of the pregnancy. It would be easy to test though; let me know whether you're interested.