Greetings @Mrs_Bloody_NL;
I'll try to answer your questions and observations as best I can here:
The Sims 4 focuses on each Sims' life, or multiple Sims if you happen to play a "lot" with multiple Sims. Each Sim has multiple "Needs" which need to be fulfilled to keep your Sim happy and at their best potential, whereas they also have "Whims" which are things your Sim "wants" to do; these can be completed to give your Sim Lifestyle Points to make their life easier.
- There are three "types" of jobs in Sims 4, depending on what Expansions and Packs you have installed with the game. If you have just the base game, you will only have one type; I have listed them below:
- Careers (Base Game & Expansions): Careers are jobs that your Sim goes to at a specific time, and comes back after their work day has finished. Details of what your Sim needs to do well at their job, as well as any Daily Tasks they can do at home during non-work hours to boost their performance the next work day can be found in the "Career" tab on the bottom-right. In these jobs, your Sim will leave the active lot, and won't come back until their shift ends. The game normally will fast-forward to accommodate this downtime, unless you have additional Sims on the lot which can be played. While your Sim is at work, if you select the Briefcase symbol above their icon on the bottom ribbon, you can toggle various tasks your Sim can perform while at work; from Socializing with Co-Workers, to Working Hard to do even better at their job, you get some limited control over your Sim even when they're away.
- Professions (Get to Work / Get Famous / Cats & Dogs Expansions): Professions are jobs that you will travel to the work site with your Sim to help them perform well at their job. While at the work site, you must have your Sim complete tasks related to their job to improve job performance and eventually get promoted. Professions are a lot more interactive than Careers since you still have full control over your Sim. If you have multiple Sims from your main lot, you can swap between the two lots, or control them remotely similarly to how you can adjust a Career-focused Sim; you can select the "travel arrow" symbol next to their icon on the bottom ribbon, which will give you options for the Sim to take care of themselves.
- Work-From-Home (City Living): Work-From-Home jobs are a sort of hybridized job type between Careers and Professions. When it comes time for your Sim to work, you are given the option to go into work (Which will have the Sim leave the lot in the next hour, similar to a Career), you can have them Work From Home (Which functions like a Profession, except you don't have to leave your home lot). You also have the option to take PTO, which consumes a Vacation Day. Work From Home jobs allow you to get the best of both worlds, and the tasks you need to perform for a Work From Home character, depending on the job, can encourage your character to leave home and socialize with other Sims...and get paid for it!
Some early gameplay tips revolving around what you mentioned:
- Early on in-game, your Sim is going to be rather needy as it can take time to achieve a balance of the Sims' needs versus what you want them to accomplish. Focus on making it so your Sim is in good shape with their Needs before you start looking to overachieve. If possible, see if you can find ways to combine fulfilling needs two or three at a time, rather than one at a time. (For example, have your Sim eat a Quick Meal from the fridge, while also watching TV. You'll satisfy Fun and Hunger, and if you're watching a skill-based channel, you also can gain some Skill.)
- For restoring Energy, try and find a bed that restores Energy at a good rate; cheap beds are convenient, but can be uncomfortable, and can slow the rate your Sim gets Energy back. If you can't afford a decent bed, try and pace what time your Sim goes to bed, versus how much Energy they'll need when they go to work. You can curb how much Energy is needed by having your sim become Energized by drinking coffee, taking a nap, or taking a brisk shower.
- When you put leftovers back in the fridge, there are two options to recover them; you can select the option "Get Leftovers" or select the "Open" option, then select the specific food item you want to eat from the menu.
If you need additional information, feel free to ask!
- B