Ideas
I'm currently having the same issue, however I DO have mods. I spent sometime taking each mod out to be sure it wasnt the mods messing with the game. I even have a test game save where I test out issue with my mod and game. So far my test save is amazing I can open simology and even edit my sims in cas without the loading screen being forever and game crashing. But my current save with tons of progress will "crash" i.e. me not being able to save game or press any other options like opening sims inventory. Just to go around and find teen simology and cas is the ONLY one messed up. Infants, toddlers, YA, Adults and Elders are all fine, as long as you don't open up simology on your teen sims the game wont break, I haven't tested if it'll still break for teens who age up to YA.
Edit: Just aged up my sim, it DOESN'T fix the problem. EA needs to fix this issue and fast.