After trying for hours upon hours, I FINALLY got my schedule to show up!
I tried taking out my whole mods folder, which did actually work. Both the schedule and progress bar would show up, but well... none of my mods would (obviously). I was willing to live with that for the sake of my game working correctly, until I decided to try the store fix thing.
It worked! I removed my three Store Fix packages - found in the mods folder - and even got to keep the rest of my mods, and everything works like a charm! (Here's to hoping I'm not jinxing myself for the next time I load the game.)
I couldn't figure out why it wouldn't work when really I didn't have any 'actual' mods, only CC hairs and clothes, and a few decor items. But it all makes sense now :)
So, I HIGHLY recommend hunting down those pesky store fixes and removing them.
On a side note, I still have to use the "resetsim" cheat for the progress bar to show up. So I'm guessing that is a bug/glitch all on its own?