Hello! I am certain that there were NO mods or custom content in my game, I took out my entire mods folder and let it refresh a new, empty one when the problem started. I'm quite used to outdated mods, so I can troubleshoot most issues through the 50-50 method, but this one is bugging me. There were no mods present.
I also play exclusively in windowed mode!
Also, I eventually wondered if the Save itself was corrupted in some way, so I deleted it (with great hesitance, it was my favorite!) and restarted on a fresh, no mod save with the same sim (I saved her to the gallery). Within ten minutes, I saw the same issue show up, and decided that maybe the Sim herself was the issue. I made a new sim on a new save in a different world, and within 10 minutes, again, I saw the same issue show up. I messed around with mods and CC for a while, and decided to just see if there was a specific thing that triggered the UI to bug out. I got the issue without mods, too, so I decided that mods might not be the answer.
A few hours into this save, with mods (MCCC, Better Exceptions, and hair/clothing) I had absolutely NO issues until randomly, I received a 'UI Exception' report from Better Exceptions. I checked if the UI bugged out when I exited build mode-- Yep. I have no idea what triggered it, it seems completely random. Now, even without any mods, any time I go into build mode, the UI disappears, essentially making this safe, too, completely unsalvagable.
Quite the pickle! I guess I might have to try playing with no CC at all for a while and just... see if the issue shows there, too? If so, I figure it might just be a persisting bug in the game.
Update: better last exceptions by twistedmexi tells you what errors are being caused by what mods. I loaded up the new save after the error occurred (I did not save) and Better Exceptions instantly alerted me that the error occurred again, and told me what mods would cause it... Which is none. I got rid of all my UI mods. The error is occurring not as the result of mods, and once it occurs, it seems the save is ruined.
Update 2: To confirm that it WASN'T an issue with mods, I completely took out the entire Sims 4 folder, then booted the game up to make a brand new, fresh folder. I made a sim, put her down, and the moment I exited build/buy, bam! The bug was back again in full force. So, this ISN'T a problem with Mods, I also repaired the game, twice, and I'm going to do a complete reinstall of the game now.