My Game's main menu is broken
You've answered your own question about your problem occurring because of a broken or outdated mod/cc by saying the issue is gone when you remove the mods folder. This doesn't mean you can't ever play with mods/cc again but it does mean you will have to put in the effort to find the problem, or problems, and stop using it/them until such time as the creator provides an update.
To help you get a start on this, check this thread by luthienrising: https://forums.thesims.com/en_US/discussion/989285/broken-updated-mods-cc-apr-27-2021-patch . The thread is new today so you may or may not see one of the mods you are using listed. There may be something else in your folder that hasn't been reported yet. In her first post there's a link to a thread for testing for mods/cc causing issues. Here is yet another link with testing instructions you may find helpful: https://modthesims.info/wiki.php?title=Game_Help:Finding_Problem_Custom_Content#The_50.25_Method . After you determine which mod/s cause your issue you can then check the creator's site to see if an update is available.
Sorry, there just isn't a shortcut to finding problem content. Good luck on your quest.
