For your first point, there are skill books you can purchase from the bookcase. I did the research so most books follow the same general pattern. The first book usually is from level 1 to 3 in skill the second book is level 4 to 6, and the third is level 7 to 9. to get to level 10 in skills, you need to use the skill. You do have to pay attention to the skill level the sim has on your own to know which book for them to read. The books for skills that only go to level 5 are a bit different, but after the first book, I generally use the skill to make it go higher faster.
As for your second point. Certain packs came with festivals/events preprogrammed. Those packs are City Living, Snowy Escape, and Cottage Living as of right now. For rent has a market but since I do not own that DLC, I can only predict it may be act the same. You can create your own events in base game by throwing a social event and mimic a festival if you desire, but there are going to be limitations.
There are electronics that are made for outdoors already in-game and there is a kitchen sets that look great outdoors, depending on the packs you own. There is at least one in base game. If you have seasons installed, there are things you need to do to protect the outdoor electronics from the rain/snow.
You can already pick flowers in base game and that will level up your gardening skill. You can already get collectables from rocks in base game. They have regular spawning spots around the 3 base game worlds. The worlds that come from other packs are hit and miss with those. Island Living is the pack you need for shell collecting. If you own Outdoor Retreat, that intrduced bug catching. The Seasons pack does have an effect on those spawning too.
Leveling up your cooking and gourmet cooking skills is how reciepes open up in Sims 4. It is a little different, but it is like you learning muliple recipes as you level up in those two skills. The more DLC packs you own also adds recipes. WIth City Living pack, you can eat foods from stalls to learn recipes.
With your last point, you can easily do this by knowing what you named the lots you placed. Base game has a few lot types, with others being exclusive to certain DLC packs.
From what I am reading, you want to actually play Sims 3. Please know not everything is going to 100% translate exactly the same as the previous iteration of the franchise, but you can have a similar experience depending on what other DLC is owned along with the base game. You can have an amazing experience by learning the now mechanics and quirks the SIms 4 offers.