So far, I've only really been successful if 1: the female is "in heat" (has the little hearts popping up, is howling a lot) and 2: both dogs or cats are in my household. I've never successfully bred with an "outside" or visiting pet or stray. Now, if I want to keep puppies around, I adopt two pets, one male and female, check in once in a while to make sure they're not fighting or anything, and then when the female goes into heat, encourage BOTH of them to mate with each other. That usually seems to work, and I've had about 5 successful pet pregnancies, with 3 different pairings, so far using that method.