Ok, I tried a lot of cheaty stuff and I wasn't able to fix it, so I did have to make fresh copies of the Sims. Here's what I did:
- Saved my family in their current state to my library.
- Copied the family to three separate empty lots in Newcrest.
- In one of the lots, I deleted all but one of the problem Sims and created dummy parents for her.
- I repeated for the other problem Sim on a different lot.
- In the third lot, I deleted everyone but their kid.
- I made the fresh copies of my problem Sims meet, cheated their friendship and romantic relationships to maximum, and had them get married.
- I split them into their own household, and then I merged it with the one that just has their kid.
- With CAS full edit mode, I set their kid's relationship.
- I evicted the glitched version of the household and replaced it with the one I just created in Newcrest.
- Finally, I had to create their family business again and cheat it to where it was.
I think this way is better than some of the other ones I've seen suggested here because it'll save all your Sims' traits and milestones and even aspiration progress and you don't have to find a backup version. As far as I can tell, it's working okay and it hasn't come back yet.
I don't think this glitch was caused by the fact that one of them didn't have parents in game, but based on some of the other posts in here I do suspect that it did allow it to happen. Regardless, this was a huge pain to solve and was actually devastating to me to discover the glitch so I really hope they fix whatever's causing this soon.