GinSeren Do you have any files inside ConfigOverride, in Documents > Electronic Arts > The Sims 4? If so, please remove them.
If this doesn't help, please remove the entire Sims 4 folder and try again. It's possible there's something else in the user folder causing the issue. Your saves will be removed, but not deleted, when you move the folder, so don't panic when you only see New Game as an option.
There's nothing in your dxdiag that would explain this issue, although your graphics driver is old enough that it could be a problem. So the next step is to update it. Here's the newest driver available from Intel:
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/sku/199314/intel-core-i710700t-processor-16m-cache-up-to-4-50-ghz/downloads.html
Run the installer as an admin: right-click the download and select "Run as administrator." Restart the computer afterwards and before trying to play.
If you get an error when trying to install the driver, use this workaround:
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000087660/graphics.html