Choooiii That's probably because your C drive is now almost completely out of space. Your dxdiag lists free space at 0.1 GB, which isn't even enough for Windows to maneuver properly.
If you previously had your Sims 4 user folder on D, move it back to its original location, and rename it instead (and make sure it's fully copied to D and gone from C). If you didn't, now is the time to clear out whatever you can on C, or thing about uninstalling some programs and installing them on D, where you have plenty of space.
I would also suggest deleting everything in C:\Windows\Temp, as it looks like your system is generating a lot of extra files there when certain errors occur. If it's already empty, that's fine.
Once you've done all that, you can check your free space by opening a File Explorer window and clicking This PC in the left panel. You'll see the free and total storage for both drives; you might need to scroll down a bit. 25 GB free is a good goal for C. When you get there, restart your computer, and try again to play. If the game still doesn't work, please post a new dxdiag.