Ideas
I understand how the loot_list_on_enter works, and 'loot_BalanceSys_RemoveMajorEffects' is not firing on both sides of -35. It's only firing when coming up from a lower number to -35, or dropping down beneath +25 from a higher number. It's not firing when the Sims exits the state by dropping lower than -35. At that point, the Sim enters the Major Imbalance state and 'loot_BalanceSys_RemoveMinorEffects' fires instead and 'buff_BalanceSys_Hidden_MajorImbalance' is applied to the Sim, which has its own effects.
Trust me when I say not a single test in the game's tuning is using 'buff_BalanceSys_MajorEffect_Cooldown' for a traditional cooldown test. The literal only thing it's used for is the countdown to add a new ailment to Majorly Imbalanced Sims. The end-of-ailment loot, 'loot_BalanceSys_Ailments_AddCooldown', adds both the actual cooldown buff, 'buff_BalanceSys_Hidden_AilmentCooldown', to all Sims, and the Major Imbalance countdown effect buff, 'buff_BalanceSys_MajorEffect_Cooldown', only to Sims who are still very imbalanced. Again, the latter buff is a countdown. When it expires, it has a loot_on_removal that fires `loot_BalanceSys_ChooseMajorEffect_FromCooldownBuff` which, if the Sim is Majorly Imbalanced, triggers 'randomLoot_Ailments_GetRandomAilment_Guaranteed_BalanceSys' which tries to give a new ailment to the Sim. If the Sim already has an ailment, then the loot does nothing and the countdown is gone until, as you already see, the ailment ends and the 'buff_BalanceSys_MajorEffect_Cooldown' gets potentially reapplied. If the Sim isn't Majorly Imbalanced, though, then the loot does nothing and the countdown stays gone for good, as long as the Sim stays balanced. That's what happens in the case when `loot_BalanceSys_RemoveMajorEffects` fires.
The system is circling back on itself intentionally, because Sims who stay Majorly Imbalanced indefinitely will continue to get more ailments, with a gap of about a day between if they stay in that state uninterrupted. When they become mildly Imbalanced or achieve Balanced again, the buff is cleared out and there's no longer any countdown running. If you used a cheat to remove the countdown buff, that's the same if it expired naturally, so of course the Sim will get an ailment. That's the intended behavior.