Yes. I had reset my entire Sims 4 folder, tested the problem with an existing teen sim in the vanilla game, and they were able to interact with lockers completely, including claiming and giving up repeatedly. But if I used a teen sim from my tray or The Gallery, they couldn't interact with the lockers at all.
I did manage to get the lockers to work again when I created a brand new teen sim and sent them to school during an active school day. But the irony here is: it was an identical twin of the sim who couldn't interact with the lockers when this problem began for me. That makes me wonder if the original sim could possibly be corrupted somehow 🤔