I tried to replicate this fix, with the basements and the missing ceiling patches. I have definitely seen ceilings that randomly miss a tile or two of ceiling in builds I made and attributed them to a mistake in drawing the walls. Affected rooms have outdoor lighting effects (sun glare on floors, artificial lighting only turns on at night etc), because they don't have a ceiling and are thus outside. Fixing the missing ceiling tile fixes this lighting problem for me.
Unfortunately that is the only problem it fixes. I did some experiments with cloning rooms from existing builds and moving them to a basement to see if they have the ceiling hole (they don't), I tried to redo all their walls with a drawn room over them, I built a new empty room with the draw entire room tool, and it rains in all of my rooms although they have clearly visible and hole-free ceilings. Bit bummed here lol, I was hoping this might be it.
Rooms made by connecting individual walls having broken ceilings/the ceilings not being applied properly is definitely a bug I have seen a few times in my game, but it might not be the same as the weather bug? Weather persists even in rooms with intact ceilings. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
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That aside, more findings re:moodlets and lifestyles.
The "trapped inside" tense moodlet (from Loves Outdoors base game trait) gets green "going down quickly" arrows inside buildings. But while Sims can gain the outdoorsy lifestyle while hanging out inside, but the bored "needs outside" moodlet from the lifestyle buff doesn't go away indoors. They seem like very similar buffs, but they seem to decide what counts as outdoors based on different things?
Also, unsure if that is related or a bug at all or if it has always worked like this, the seasons thermostat reaction sims do when it's hot out and they enter a pleasantly cool room, respectively when it's cold and they enter a room with central heating, also happens on porches and in gazebo style buildings (no walls, but a roof with pillars, spandrels and/or fences). My main household has a house with front porch (roof, fence, spandrels), and they always do the happy about the thermostat animation already on the porch. This doesn't happen for the back porch, which has only a fence, no roof. Happy thermostat reactions happen when entering the actual house through the backdoor. I have another build that's a garden lounge for parties in summer, and it has the bar area under a roof with pillars and spandrels, with one solid wall at the back (so should keep out the rain but not the cold?), and thermostats work in this gazebo building too. I feel like they shouldn't?